用户体验与爬虫规则之间的排名波动解析研究
python爬虫数据怎么获取
Python 爬虫数据获取的核心流程可分为 发送请求、解析响应、提取数据 三个基础步骤,同时可根据需求结合高级技术优化。以下是详细方法及示例:1. 基础方法1.1 发送 HTTP 请求使用 requests 库获取网页或 API 数据:import requests# 发送 GET 请求response = requests.get("https://example.com/api")print(response.status_code) # 检查状态码(200 表示成功)print(response.text) # 获取响应内容(HTML/JSON)1.2 解析响应内容HTML/XML 解析:用 BeautifulSoup 或 lxml 提取结构化数据。from bs4 import BeautifulSoupsoup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser")titles = soup.find_all("h1") # 提取所有
标签for title in titles: print(title.text)JSON 解析:直接处理 API 返回的 JSON 数据。data = response.json() # 假设响应是 JSON 格式print(data["key"])1.3 数据提取与存储通过解析后的对象定位数据(如 CSS 选择器、XPath),并保存到文件或数据库:# 示例:提取链接并保存到文件links = [a["href"] for a in soup.find_all("a", href=True)]with open("links.txt", "w") as f: f.write("n".join(links))2. 高级技术2.1 动态内容处理Selenium:模拟浏览器操作,获取 JavaScript 渲染的数据。from selenium import webdriverdriver = webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("https://example.com")element = driver.find_element_by_id("dynamic-content")print(element.text)driver.quit()2.2 异步请求aiohttp:提高并发效率,适合大规模爬取。import aiohttpimport asyncioasync def fetch(url): async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session: async with session.get(url) as response: return await response.text()urls = ["https://example.com"] * 10tasks = [fetch(url) for url in urls]results = asyncio.run(asyncio.gather(*tasks))2.3 API 客户端库直接调用云服务 API(如 Google Cloud Storage):from google.cloud import storageclient = storage.Client()bucket = client.bucket("my-bucket")blob = bucket.blob("data.json")print(blob.download_as_text())3. 注意事项遵守规则:检查目标网站的 robots.txt(如 https://example.com/robots.txt),避免爬取禁止内容。反爬策略:设置请求头(如 User-Agent)伪装浏览器:headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0"}response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)控制请求频率(如 time.sleep(2))。异常处理:捕获网络错误或解析异常:try: response = requests.get(url, timeout=5) response.raise_for_status() # 检查 HTTP 错误except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: print(f"请求失败: {e}")4. 完整示例以下是一个爬取网页标题并保存的完整脚本:import requestsfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoupurl = "https://example.com"headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0"}try: response = requests.get(url, headers=headers) response.raise_for_status() soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, "html.parser") title = soup.title.string print(f"网页标题: {title}")except Exception as e: print(f"错误: {e}")通过以上方法,可灵活应对静态网页、动态内容及 API 数据爬取需求,同时确保合规性与效率。




































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